Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil and petrol, both important "primary energy" sources. [35] 84 percent by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels (petroleum-based fuels), including petrol, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas. [36] The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products, but as the world's reserves of light and medium oil are depleted, oil refineries are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen, and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required.
For other uses, see Petroleum (disambiguation). Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil)[1][2][3]) is a naturally occurring, smelly, yellow-to-black liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. [4] The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil.
This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures). [5][6] It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. [7] Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials,[8] and it is estimated that the world consumes about 90 million barrels each day.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) said in 2010 that production of conventional crude oil had peaked in 2006 at 70 MBBL/d, then flattened at 68 or 69 thereafter. [95][96] Since virtually all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum, peak oil, if it were to occur, could lead to a "partial or complete failure of markets".
Producing Nation 103bbl/d (2006) 103bbl/d (2007) 103bbl/d (2008) 103bbl/d (2009) Present Share 1 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 10,665 10,234 10,782 9,760 11. 8% 2 Russia 1 9,677 9,876 9,789 9,934 12. 0% 3 United States 1 8,331 8,481 8,514 9,141 11. 1% 4 Iran (OPEC) 4,148 4,043 4,174 4,177 5. 1% 5 China 3,846 3,901 3,973 3,996 4. 8% 6 Canada 2 3,288 3,358 3,350 3,294 4. 0% 7 Mexico 1 3,707 3,501 3,185 3,001 3. 6% 8 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 2,945 2,948 3,046 2,795 3. 4% 9 Kuwait (OPEC) 2,675 2,613 2,742 2,496 3. 0% 10 Venezuela (OPEC) 1 2,803 2,667 2,643 2,471 3. 0% 11 Norway 1 2,786 2,565 2,466 2,350 2. 8% 12 Brazil 2,166 2,279 2,401 2,577 3. 1% 13 Iraq (OPEC) 3 2,008 2,094 2,385 2,400 2. 9% 14 Algeria (OPEC) 2,122 2,173 2,179 2,126 2. 6% 15 Nigeria (OPEC) 2,443 2,352 2,169 2,211 2. 7% 16 Angola (OPEC) 1,435 1,769 2,014 1,948 2. 4% 17 Libya (OPEC) 1,809 1,845 1,875 1,789 2. 2% 18 United Kingdom 1,689 1,690 1,584 1,422 1. 7% 19 Kazakhstan 1,388 1,445 1,429 1,540 1. 9% 20 Qatar (OPEC) 1,141 1,136 1,207 1,213 1. 5% 21 Indonesia 1,102 1,044 1,051 1,023 1. 2% 22 India 854 881 884 877 1. 1% 23 Azerbaijan 648 850 875 1,012 1. 2% 24 Argentina 802 791 792 794 1. 0% 25 Oman 743 714 761 816 1. 0% 26 Malaysia 729 703 727 693 0. 8% 27 Egypt 667 664 631 678 0. 8% 28 Colombia 544 543 601 686 0. 8% 29 Australia 552 595 586 588 0. 7% 30 Ecuador (OPEC) 536 512 505 485 0. 6% 31 Sudan 380 466 480 486 0. 6% 32 Syria 449 446 426 400 0. 5% 33 Equatorial Guinea 386 400 359 346 0. 4% 34 Thailand 334 349 361 339 0. 4% 35 Vietnam 362 352 314 346 0. 4% 36 Yemen 377 361 300 287 0. 3% 37 Denmark 344 314 289 262 0. 3% 38 Gabon 237 244 248 242 0. 3% 39 South Africa 204 199 195 192 0. 2% 40 Turkmenistan No data 180 189 198 0. 2% 41 Trinidad and Tobago 181 179 176 174 0. 2 Although Canada's conventional oil production is declining, its total oil production is increasing as oil sands production grows.
The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery that depicts the various refining processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end-products.
Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
The fractions removed from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom are called sidecuts. Each of the sidecuts (i. e. , the kerosene, light gas oil and heavy gas oil) is cooled by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil. All of the fractions (i. e. , the overhead naphtha, the sidecuts and the bottom residue) are sent to intermediate storage tanks before being processed further.
Prior to World War II in the early 1940s, most petroleum refineries in the United States consisted simply of crude oil distillation units (often referred to as atmospheric crude oil distillation units).
Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries.
Petroleum Chemistry (Neftekhimiya), founded in 1961, offers original papers on and reviews of theoretical and experimental studies concerned with current problems of petroleum chemistry and processing such as chemical composition of crude oils and natural gas liquids; petroleum refining (cracking, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming); catalysts for petrochemical processes (hydrogenation, isomerization, oxidation, hydroformylation, etc. ); activation and catalytic transformation of hydrocarbons and other components of petroleum, natural gas, and other complex organic mixtures; new petrochemicals including lubricants and additives; environmental problems; and information on scientific meetings relevant to these areas.
Petroleum Chemistry publishes articles on these topics from members of the scientific community of the former Soviet Union. E. Kh. Fatiyants, V. V. Berezkin, G. G. E. P. Ageev, N. L. Strusovskaya, N. N. N. V. Potvorova, P. V. Vakuliuk, I. M. Furtat, A. F.
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According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products.
Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries.
Over 6000 items are made from petroleum waste by-products including: Fertilizer, Linoleum, Perfume, Insecticide, Petroleum Jelly, Soap, Vitamin Capsules. Walther W. Irion, Otto S.
Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure chemical compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures.
Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products.
Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems, completions and oil and gas facilities engineering.
In a June 4th, 2007 article, Forbes. com reported that petroleum engineering was the 24th best paying job in the United States. [2] The 2010 National Association of Colleges and Employers survey showed petroleum engineers as the highest paid 2010 graduates at an average $125,220 annual salary. [3] For individuals with experience, salaries can go from $170,000 to $260,000 annually.
Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics.
Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs.
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